Bioassay is defined as estimation or determination of concentration or potency of. Download PDF. In three point bioassay, the DRC of standard & test samples is first obtained from the responses due to graded doses. Four Point Bioassay.
ELISA plate image with various cortisol level
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues.[1] Bioassays are quantitative biological assays used to estimate the potency of agents by observing their effects on living animals (in vivo) or tissue/cell culture systems (in vitro).[2]
A bioassay experiment can either be qualitative or quantitative, direct or indirect.[3] If the measured response is binary, the assay is qualititative, if not, it is quantitative.[3]
Bioassay is used to detect biological hazards or give a quality assessment of a mixture.[4] Bioassay is often used to monitor water quality and also sewage discharge and its impact on surrounding.[citation needed] It is also used to assess the environmental impact and safety of new technologies and facilities.[citation needed]
- 3Classifications
- 4Examples
Principle[edit]
Bioassay is a biochemical test to estimate the relative potency of a sample compound to a standard compound.[3][1] Typical bioassay involves a stimulus (ex. drugs) applied to a subject (ex. animals, tissues, plants) and a response (ex. death) of the subject is triggered and measured.[5] The intensity of stimulus is varied by doses and depending on this intensity of stimulus, a change/response will be followed by a subject.[5].
History[edit]
The first uses of bioassay dates back to as early as the late 19th century, when the foundation of bioassays was laid down by a German physician, Paul Ehrlich.[6] He introduced the concept of standardization by the reactions of living matter.[6][5] His bioassay on diphtheria antitoxin was the first bioassay to receive recognition.[7] His use of bioassay was able to discover that administration of gradually increasing dose of diphteria in animals stimulated production of antiserum.[8]
Many of the early bioassays consisted of using animals to test carcinogenicity of chemicals.[9] One well known example is a 'canary in the coal mine' experiment.[10] To test for methane, miners would take methane-sensitive canaries to coal mines to ensure safe air. In 1915, Yamaigiwa Katsusaburo and Koichi Ichikawa tested the carcinogenicity of coal tar using inner surface of rabbit's ears.[9]
Through 1940s and 1960s, animal bioassay was primarily used to test for toxicity and safety of drugs, food additives and pesticides.[9]
In late 1960s and 1970s, reliance on bioassay increased as the public concern for occupational and environmental hazards increased.[9] While before this health risks of certain chemicals such as pesticide was tested in animal bioassay, it was still rare and testing was not seen often.[9]
Classifications[edit]
Direct assay[edit]
- The stimulus/standard sufficiently produces measurable and specific response.[5] The response must be clear, easily recognized, and directly measured.[5]
Indirect assay based on quantitative response[edit]
- The relationship between the dose and the response is first ascertained.[5] Then the dose corresponding to a given response is obtained from the relation for each preparation separately.[5]
Indirect assay based on quantal response[edit]
- The assay involves 'all or none' response (ex. life or death).[citation needed] The response is produced by threshold effect.[citation needed]
Examples[edit]
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)[edit]
- quantitative analytical method that measures absorbance of color change from antigen-antibody reaction (ex. Direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive).[11] ELISA is used to measure variety of substances in human body from cortisol levels for stress to glucose level for diabetes.
Home pregnancy test[edit]
Home pregnancy test involves ELISA to detect the increase of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy.[12]
HIV test[edit]
HIV test also uses indirect ELISA to detect HIV antibody caused by infection.[12]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abHoskins, W. M.; Craig, R. (1962-01-01). 'Uses of Bioassay in Entomology'. Annual Review of Entomology. 7 (1): 437–464. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.002253. ISSN0066-4170. PMID14449182.
- ^Guidance for Industry: Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, Food and Drug Administration, January 2011, p. 7
- ^ abcLaska, E M; Meisner, M J (1987-04-01). 'Statistical Methods and Applications of Bioassay'. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 27 (1): 385–397. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.27.040187.002125. ISSN0362-1642.
- ^Prinsloo, Gerhard; Papadi, Georgia; Hiben, Mebrahtom G.; Haan, Laura de; Louisse, Jochem; Beekmann, Karsten; Vervoort, Jacques; Rietjens, Ivonne M.C.M. (2017). 'In vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals: promises and pitfalls'. Drug Discovery Today. 22 (8): 1187–1200. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.002.
- ^ abcdefgSaha, G. M (29 November 2002). Design and Analysis for Bioassays. Kolkata: Indian Statistical Institute. pp. 61–76.
- ^ abVan Noordwijk, Jacobus (1989). 'Bioassays in whole animals'. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 7 (2): 139–145. doi:10.1016/0731-7085(89)80077-9.
- ^Analysis of foods and beverages : modern techniques. Charalambous, George, 1922-1994. Orlando: Academic Press. 1984. ISBN0121691608. OCLC9682930.CS1 maint: others (link)
- ^Bosch, Fèlix; Rosich, Laia (2008). 'The Contributions of Paul Ehrlich to Pharmacology: A Tribute on the Occasion of the Centenary of His Nobel Prize'. Pharmacology. 82 (3): 171–179. doi:10.1159/000149583. ISSN0031-7012. PMC2790789. PMID18679046.
- ^ abcdeBeyer, L. A.; Beck, B. D.; Lewandowski, T. A. (2011-04-01). 'Historical perspective on the use of animal bioassays to predict carcinogenicity: Evolution in design and recognition of utility'. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 41 (4): 321–338. doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.541222. ISSN1040-8444. PMID21438739.
- ^'Environmental Inquiry - How Are Bioassays Used in the Real World?'. ei.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
- ^Aydin, Suleyman (2015). 'A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA'. Peptides. 72: 4–15. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.012. PMID25908411.
- ^ abManz, Andreas; Dittrich, Petra S.; Pamme, Nicole; Iossifidis, Dimitri (2015). Bioanalytical chemistry. Manz, A. (Andreas), Dittrich, Petra S., 1974-, Pamme, Nicole., Iossifidis, Dimitri. (Second ed.). London. ISBN9781783266715. OCLC897825792.
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